約翰‧霍普 (JOHN HOPE)

駁布克‧T‧華盛頓的演講 Reply to Booker T. Washington

如果我們不在為平等而奮鬥,我們活著究竟為了什麼?


約翰‧霍普(1868─1936)出生在喬治亞州的奧古斯塔,從麻省的伍斯特學院畢業後進入布朗大學深造,並於1894年畢業於該校。寫這篇文章時,他是田納西州羅傑‧威廉斯大學的古典文學和科學教授。霍普是尼亞加拉運動的創始人之一,該運動是美國全國有色人種協進會的前身。1906年他成了亞特蘭大浸禮會學院(即莫爾豪斯學院)的第一位黑人校長,後來又於1929年出任亞特蘭大大學校校長。

霍普大力提倡對黑人進行文科教育,反對布克‧T‧華盛頓所提倡的技術訓練。他聽了華盛頓在亞特蘭大博覽會上的著名演講後,表示強烈反對。1896年2月22日,他向處於激烈爭論中的黑人社會發表了以下反駁華盛頓觀點的演講。


如果我們不在為平等而奮鬥,我們活著究竟為了什麼?如果我們黑人中有人對白人或黑人說我們不在為平等而鬥爭,我認為這是怯弱、虛偽的表現。如果金錢、教育和誠實不能為我們帶來與其他美國公民一樣的權利和平等,那麼,對我來說,金錢、教育和誠實都成了有害而無益的東西。獲得了創造自由的工具卻不敢或懶得去創造自由,這是上帝所不允許的。我們不要自己騙自己,也不要上別人的當。如果我們不能做其他自由人所能做的事,我們就沒有真正獲得自由。是的,朋友們,我們要求平等,完完全全的平等,我們要求得到上帝賦予我們的權力所能得到的一切,那麼,為何不要平等呢?請注意,我要用上一個形容詞,我要說我們要求社會平等,在這個共和國裏,要是節儉、教育和榮譽為我們提供的權利比它們為其他自由人所提供的少了絲毫,我們就談不上是自由人。在我們偉大的國度裏,如果政治、經濟、社會平等是其他人的福利,那麼政治、經濟、社會平等就是我們所要求得到的東西。為什麼要築起一道城牆,把我們拒於牆外呢?我們既不是野獸也不是什麼不乾不淨的東西。

起來,弟兄們!讓我們擁有這片土地。千萬別說「知足常樂」,不要用這種使是非感麻木不仁的格言來安慰自己,要感到不滿足,要感到不滿意,要對現狀感到煩惱不安,要像無邊無際的大海中洶湧澎湃的波濤那樣動盪不安。讓不滿的情緒像火山一樣噴發出來,衝擊偏見的城牆,搖撼其根基。到那時,我們就用不著去乞求平等,也用不著屈膝哀求憐憫,因為我們是頂天立地的男子漢。那時,也只有到那時,我們的共和國才能真正地誇耀它的平等。


If we are not striving for equality, in heaven's name for what are we living? I regard it as cowardly and dishonest for any of our colored men to tell white people or colored people that we are not struggling for equality. If money, education, and honesty will not bring to me as much privilege, as much equality as they bring to any American citizen, then they are to me a curse, and not a blessing. God forbid that we should get the implements with which to fashion our freedom, and then be too lazy or pusillanimous to fashion it. Let us not fool ourselves nor be fooled by others. If we cannot do what other freemen do, then we are not free. Yes, my friends, I want equality. Nothing less. I want all that my God-given powers will enable me to get, then why not equality? Now, catch your breath, for I am going to use an adjective: I am going to say we demand social equality. In this Republic we shall be less than freemen, if we have a whit less than that which thrift, education, and honor afford other freemen. If equality, political, economic, and social, is the boon of other men in this great country of ours, then equality, political, economic, and social, is what we demand. Why build a wall to keep me out? I am no wild beast, nor am I an unclean thing.

      Rise, Brothers! Come let us possess this land. Never say: "Let well enough alone." Cease to console yourselves with adages that numb the moral sense. Be discontented. Be dissatisfied. "Sweat and grunt" under present conditions. Be as restless as the tempestuous billows on the boundless sea. Let your discontent break mountain-high against the wall of prejudice, and swamp it to the very foundation. Then we shall not have to plead for justice nor on bended knee crave mercy; for -we shall be men. Then and not until then will liberty in its highest sense be the boast of our Republic.